Because this is an emerging pathogen in cattle, no approved vaccines currently exist.
The study found that animal health providers (AHPs) primarily diagnose mastitis based on clinical signs and herd history rather than microbiological testing.
KwaZulu-Natal has recorded 165 FMD outbreaks, 147 of which are still active, while the Eastern Cape has reported 40 cases, 39 of which remain unresolved.
The Girolando breed is a cross between India’s heat-tolerant Gyr cattle and the high-yielding Holstein cows.