Nigeria strengthens fight against CBPP control as outbreaks threaten cattle production

NIGERIA – Authorities have intensified efforts to contain contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a persistent livestock disease undermining cattle productivity, farmer incomes, and food security across the country.

The Federal Ministry of Livestock Development inaugurated a technical task force on April 9 to develop a national control framework targeting CBPP.

The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and continues to spread across production systems dominated by pastoral and semi-nomadic herders.

CBPP, along with foot-and-mouth disease, is considered one of the most significant threats to cattle worldwide.

In Nigeria, where livestock contributes about 35% of agricultural GDP, the disease poses a major economic risk. 

Infected animals typically show symptoms such as fever, coughing, nasal discharge, and laboured breathing, although early detection remains difficult. 

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, mortality rates can reach up to 50% in affected herds.

Government data indicate that 131 outbreaks were recorded in 2025 across 17 states and all six geopolitical zones, underscoring the widespread nature of the disease. 

Similar geographic spread was reported in 2024, according to the National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services. 

However, officials acknowledge that these figures likely understate the true burden due to weak surveillance systems, low reporting compliance, and limited diagnostic capacity.

“This situation reflects a disease not only deeply rooted in our production systems but also sustained by structural challenges that we must now confront decisively,” the ministry said.

The newly established task force is expected to strengthen surveillance, improve reporting systems, and enhance vaccination strategies. 

Authorities aim to develop a coordinated and actionable plan that can be implemented nationwide, addressing both disease control and prevention.

Economic impact weighs on livestock sector

CBPP continues to inflict heavy economic losses on farmers, reducing herd sizes and limiting the availability of meat and milk. 

In Taraba State alone, the disease affected 3,500 cattle in 2024, resulting in 700 deaths and the culling of an additional 138 animals to contain its spread, according to NAERLS.

Such losses directly impact rural livelihoods and national food supply, particularly as Nigeria seeks to reduce reliance on imports and boost domestic livestock production. 

The situation is further compounded by the presence of other endemic diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax, which collectively weaken animal health and productivity.

Nigeria’s cattle population was estimated at 64.8 million head in 2024, largely managed under extensive grazing systems. 

These systems often lack structured veterinary support, making disease monitoring and control more difficult compared to intensive production models.

The persistence of CBPP highlights broader structural challenges within the livestock sector, including limited access to veterinary services, inadequate vaccination coverage, and fragmented value chains. 

As authorities move to implement a national control strategy, the effectiveness of these measures will depend on sustained investment, improved coordination, and stronger engagement with pastoral communities.

Containing CBPP is increasingly seen as critical not only for improving livestock productivity but also for safeguarding farmer incomes and strengthening Nigeria’s overall food security.

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