Studies show that most infections occur within a limited radius, but indirect routes also contribute significantly to virus spread.
This milestone reflects a broader shift toward regional manufacturing of animal health products across Africa and the Middle East.
By early March 2026, the outbreak had spread across all provinces, affecting nearly 300,000 cattle and over 120,000 culled.
The appointments come as the institute intensifies efforts to supply Foot-and-Mouth Disease vaccines to affected SADC regions.
Zambian authorities say this precautionary measure will be reviewed based on how the outbreak in South Africa evolves.
While the resumption of local vaccine manufacturing marks a turning point, South Africa’s production capacity will initially remain limited.
Farmers in Eastern Cape say FMD keeps spreading fast, while authorities warn that poor vaccine control could worsen the crisis.
Without urgent and coordinated action, the livelihoods of thousands of South African farmers and the stability of the livestock sector remain at serious risk.
The ten-year agreement provides for the creation of a bank containing 10 million doses of antigens from the two foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes most prevalent in Brazil.
FMD is one of the most persistent threats to livestock production in Eastern Africa, made worse by the extensive mobility of pastoral herds and porous borders.